Art in Public Spaces

Craftsmanship in Public Spaces Presentation The accompanying paper analyzes a bit of open workmanship and the space it is found so as to talk about craftsmanship, magnificence and the motivation behind open workmanship. The paper explicitly centers around the Unnamed Sculpture at Pier 39 in San Francisco and utilizations the ideas from Semiotics to examine the space and craftsmanship piece together.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Art in Public Spaces explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, the article talks about the reason for the Unnamed Sculpture at Pier 39 in San Francisco as an open workmanship. The Skygate in San Francisco is a cutting edge form that was planned by Isamu Noguchi.This open workmanship is normally set with the expectation of complimentary diversion every Wednesday around early afternoon. The Skygate has a characteristic encircling that is introduced by trees and along these lines giving it an extraordinary foundation. The commitments of craftsmanshi p out in the open spots have not been completely perceived. Workmanship out in the open spots influences the regular daily existences of a great many individuals over the globe as more cash is spent while appointing them. Be that as it may, the basic acknowledgment of open workmanship is yet to be perceived in spite of its expansion. This is because of such factors as absence of an unmistakable chronicled system, assessment just as disarray concerning the meaning of workmanship out in the open spots. As per a few researchers, workmanship out in the open spots has been in presence since days of yore. As indicated by them, open craftsmanship existed in type of Lascaux’s cavern compositions. Different researchers accept that workmanship in broad daylight places came into training in 1967 after the formation of open expressions program by the National Endowment for the Arts. As per a few students of history, workmanship openly puts started in 1935 with the foundation of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) which was planned for furnishing the US residents with monetary help following the Great Depression. It is accepted that President Roosevelt upgraded the multiplication of expressions out in the open spots during this time by giving business chances to a great many craftsmen who worked in the open works division of WPA.Thus,the; the fundamental test with respect to open expressions is setting up the course of events for its turn of events. This makes the meaning of expressions in broad daylight spots to be at issue. Since the term ‘art in open places’ was instituted more than fifty years prior, it is baffling to take note of that the term has not been unmistakably characterized. As per Hein’s, open craftsmanship has the limit of consuming open space and furthermore bringing open into banter and savvy discourse.Advertising Looking for exposition on workmanship? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to him, craftsmanship can possibly of inciting better approaches for deduction and new points of view .Similarly, Barber in his ‘Cultural Interventions in the Public Sphere’ book expressed that open workmanship furnishes individuals with a chance to build up a scope of safe and basic techniques that have an impact of empowering numerous responses(Merryman and Elsen 656-658). Expressions out in the open spots can exist in different structures including letters, plantations, figures, shows, landmarks, commemorations among others. Countless expressions out in the open spots are found in towns and urban regions despite the fact that some are found in provincial territories. Craftsmanship out in the open spots are found wherever for example they are shown on side of structures, air terminal terminals, recreational parks, business associations e.t.c. (Merryman and Elsen 656-658). San Francisco’s Skygate and semiotic methodology Usually, exp ressions out in the open works have the impact of passing on importance to a large number of observers. Semiotics is generally characterized as the ‘science of signs’ inferring that, pubic workmanship is planned to have some critical importance and reason to people. As indicated by semiotic methodology, open expressions can give implications in different structures including; words, messages and codes (Ashton 301). Isamu Noguchi in his Skygate work embraced a semiotic methodology by orchestrating both the engineering and the space. He made a fascination site with a perspective on imparting a scope of implications to social orders, onlookers, fashioners and all the intrigued people over the globe. The figure is built so that, without put down accounts, the space and site can furnish individuals with the necessary data for understanding the characters. The work by Isamu Noguchi takes Skygate personality from the site as it mirrors the space and engineering around it in wa y that is exact and twisted. In spite of the way that Skygate’s title has a disorganized title, the space and the subject are agreeable. Isamu Noguchi in his sculptural work has joined shape with reflect cleaned tempered steel to deliver an appealing open craftsmanship (Ashton 301). Motivation behind San Francisco’s Skygate as an open craftsmanship Skygate in San Francisco as an open workmanship upgrades vote based system in that it is available to everyone.Basa (2008) in his examinations expresses that open expressions ought to be planned so that everybody is equipped for survey it. Open workmanship that is available to everybody advances open reaction and backing. Open expressions structure an essential piece of any open condition because of the way that they are seen ordinarily by a huge number of individuals. Craftsmanship out in the open places ordinarily have a gigantic contact with respect to the impressions that are made about a spot. The presence of open craft smanship assumes a significant job undoubtedly. It is consequently that a huge number of dollars are spent for open expressions. Likewise, the presence of expressions openly places can turn into a subject of discussion in publication sections. It is in this way significant that expressions in broad daylight places have a decent appearance as it can turn into an open issue (McNiff 36).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Art in Public Spaces explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Skygate has the impact of pulling in bigger crowds from varying backgrounds. The adolescents are most of crowds who comes to Skygate. The model is a significant vacation spot as a huge number of sightseers visits United States to see it. Crowds of individuals continually fill the recreation center ordinary. This open workmanship gives individuals all things considered, ages, nationalities and classes with a chance to communicate with one another. This thusly assumes a signi ficant job of winning the United States Federal Government outside trade. This figure has become a significant traveler showcasing (Fleming and Goldman 201-225). This open workmanship is found in an open space and accordingly, individuals can utilize nature for various purposes going structure governmental issues to social communication. The workmanship piece is found in an open space and doesn't obstructively affect the encompassing structures for example it is the two individuals and natural well disposed. This angle has the impact of constraining individuals to visit Skygate consistently. Individuals are normally glad for workmanship out in the open places that are discovered where they live. Everybody has a stake in open expressions and everybody needs to be related with them. First individuals are worried about making the most of their surroundings. Besides; they want to visit those spots that well intrigue them. Individuals likewise incline toward that their mental self portra it and self-esteem be reflected by the presence of open expressions (Fleming and Goldman 201-225). Additionally, the material that is utilized to build the open craftsmanship is natural benevolent. The specialists were cautious while they were picking the sort of materials to utilize while developing the open workmanship. They favored utilizing cleaned hardened steel materials which are undestructive. The financial specialists request that open expressions be very much arranged and appealing as this expands property estimations. Workmanship in broad daylight places is a significant segment the extent that any solid and lively network is concerned. The Skygate in the San Francisco goes about as a financial advancement instrument. It has seen various urban areas kick off their economies. As indicated by an exploration by Basa (2008), significant towns that have a vigorous and exuberant workmanship out in the open spots are related with supported monetary development. Decision Skygate as a bit of workmanship has a tasteful intrigue and this makes it to look appealing. The workmanship piece is as per the semiotics approach of expressions openly space. This open craftsmanship has the impact of speaking to an enormous crowd. Its structure can fulfill the enormous mass of individuals who encounters it on a customary basis.Advertising Searching for paper on workmanship? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Stylish intrigue is fundamental as it essentially adds to how the open feels and qualities a given open workmanship. Stylish intrigue has social and social parts and it goes past straightforward articulations of a person’s taste .Public expressions ought to be structured so that the excellence dwells in the workmanship piece instead of the beholder’s mind. Ashton, Dore. Noguchi East and West. New York. College of California Press, 1993. Basa, Lynn. The Artists Guide to Public Art: How to Find and Win Commissions. New York: Allworth Communications, Inc., 2008. Fleming, Lee and Goldman, Melisa.The craft of placemaking: deciphering communityâ through open craftsmanship and urban. Michigan: The University of Michigan, 2007. McNiff, Shaun. Incorporating the Arts in Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice.Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2009. Merryman, John and Elsen, Albert. Law, morals, and the visual expressions. Alphen aa cave Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 20 02.

Items to Exclude from Your Curriculum Vitae (CV)

Things to Exclude from Your Curriculum Vitae (CV) Nobody likes composing a resume, yet its a basic piece of the pursuit of employment in all fields. In scholastics, the resume is known as an educational plan vitae (or CV) and it is even less enjoyable to compose. Not at all like a resume which presents your experience and abilities inside a 1-page group, the educational program vitae has no page limit. The most productive experts I have experienced have CVs that are many pages long and bound as books. That is profoundly abnormal, obviously, however the fact of the matter is that the CV is an exhaustive rundown of your encounters, achievements, and the results of your work. Your coach likely has a CV of 20 pages or more, contingent upon their efficiency, rank, and experience. Starting alumni understudies for the most part begin with 1 page CVs and strive to tissue them out into various page records. It tends to be anything but difficult to include pages when you consider what goes into a CV. The CV records your instruction, work understanding, look into foundation and interests, showing history, distributions, and then some. Theres bunches of data to work with, yet would you be able to incorporate an excessive amount of data? Is there anything that you ought exclude from your CV? Dont Include Personal InformationIt was once normal for individuals to remember individual data for their CVs. Never incorporate any of the accompanying: Standardized savings numberMarital statusBirthdateAgeHeight, weight, hair shading, or other individual attributesNumber of childrenPhoto It is illicit for bosses to oppress potential representatives based on close to home attributes. All things considered, individuals normally judge others. Permit yourself to be made a decision about just on your expert benefits and not on your own attributes. Dont Include Photos Given the prohibition on close to home data, it ought to abandon saying that candidates ought not send photos of themselves. Except if you are an on-screen character, artist, or another entertainer, never append an image of yourself to your CV or application. Dont Add Irrelevant Information Leisure activities and interests ought not show up on your CV. Incorporate just extracurricular exercises that are straightforwardly identified with your work. Recall that you will probably depict yourself as genuine and a specialist in your order. Interests can propose that youre not buckling down enough or that you are not genuine about your profession. Forget about them. Dont Include Too Much Detail Its an odd conundrum: Your CV presents itemized data about your profession, yet you should take care not to go into an excess of profundity in depicting the substance of your work. Your CV will be joined by an examination explanation in which you walk perusers through your exploration, clarifying its turn of events and your objectives. You will likewise compose an announcement of showing reasoning, clarifying your point of view on educating. Given these reports, there is no compelling reason to broadly expound depicting your examination and showing other than the realities: where, when, what, grants in truth, and so on. Dont Include Ancient Information Try not to examine anything from secondary school. Enough said. Except if you found a supernova, that is. Your educational plan vitae portrays your capabilities for an expert scholarly vocation. It is far-fetched that encounters from school are applicable to this. From school, list just your major, graduation year, grants, grants, and respects. Try not to list any extracurricular exercises from secondary school or school. Try not to List References Your CV is an announcement about YOU. There is no compelling reason to incorporate references. Without a doubt youll be approached to give references however your references don't have a place on your CV. Dont list that your references are accessible upon demand. Most likely the business will demand references if youre a potential up-and-comer. Hold up until you are asked and afterward remind your references and instruct them to anticipate a call or email. Try not to Lie It ought to be clear yet numerous candidates tragically include things that are not so much evident. For instance, they may list a banner introduction that they were welcome to give yet didnt. Or on the other hand list a paper as under survey that is as yet being drafted. There are no innocuous falsehoods. Dont misrepresent or lie about anything. It will cause issues down the road for you and ruin your vocation. Criminal Record Despite the fact that you ought to never lie, dont give managers motivation to dump your CV in the junk heap. That implies dont let the cat out of the bag except if you are inquired. In the event that theyre intrigued and youre extended to the employment opportunity you might be approached to agree to a historical verification. Assuming this is the case, that is the point at which you examine your record - when you realize that they are intrigued, Discuss it too early and you may lose a chance. Dont Write in Solid Blocks of Text Recollect that businesses check CVs. Make yours simple to peruse by utilizing intense headings and short portrayals of things. Try not to incorporate enormous squares of content. No passages. Dont Include Errors Whats the quickest method to get your CV and application hurled? Spelling botches. Awful language structure. Grammatical errors. Do you want to be known as imprudent or inadequately instructed? Neither one of the wills assist you with progressing in your profession. Continuously survey your CV cautiously before submitting. Dont Include a Touch of Flair Extravagant paper. Irregular textual style. Hued text style. Scented paper. In spite of the fact that you need your CV to stick out, be certain that it stands apart for the correct reasons, for example, its quality. Try not to make your CV appear to be unique in shading, shape, or organization except if you need it went around as a wellspring of diversion.

Transfer Insights

Transfer Insights Being able to look back at my personal social media posts through the memories function is amazing. I smile as Im reminded of all of the incredible moments of my journey through higher education. Today, I was reminded of a very special moment for me. It was two years ago, April 18, 2017, that I received the email notification from the University of Illinois informing me that my admissions decision was made. It was the final school I was waiting to hear a decision from. I hadnt even made any campus visits to the other schools that I had been accepted to yet because I was waiting for this decision. A proud day for me. I was so excited that I took this photo of the computer screen and posted it to social media. Receiving an acceptance decision is wonderful because you feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. Its the moment where you feel like your hard work is paying off. Then you realize something important; you still have to decide whether or not the college or university in question is right for you. After watching countless YouTube videos and pouring over hundreds of pages of information for each school, it seems like every school has something wonderful and unique to offer you. You already know what life has been like while attending your previous college or university, but now youre looking to take your educational goals elsewhere. The real test is the campus visit, in my opinion. When you visit a school that you are considering, explore the environment and surrounding community. Imagine yourself living there. Picture yourself working there. Consider the ways in which the campus, school, and surrounding community will help shape you. The guided tours are certainly helpful, but after the tour concludes I recommend taking the time to just explore on your own. If you have your family with you during your campus visit, ask them if they can meet you later and go explore the area on your own in order to enhance the immersion experience. Ask lots of questions to faculty and even the students when you are visiting. It was really important for me to be able to get an idea of what each prospective school was offering. If it is possible to book an appointment with a department representative from the school of your intended major, do it. Ask a lot of questions. Find out what kind of programs or opportunities they offer to encourage learning or acquiring experience beyond the classroom. Discover what connections they have to the industry you hope to enter. Inquire about what graduating students go on to do. Ask them about research opportunities. This is your decision, your education, and your dreams. As a transfer student, you already know how things were at your previous institution. You should be able to have a lot of questions. Trust your gut. You are obviously a bright student and youve made it this far by relying on your intellect and instincts. Youll know when a school, a community, and a program fits with you and where you want to be. There are a lot of things that are considered and weighed by individual students before making their decision. The criteria involved in making those decisions varies a great deal from student to student. Discuss your decision with those involved, be it family, friends, or mentors. Weigh your options but be firm in your convictions. You will find yourself in the right spot. Transferring is a new chapter and an exciting transition. Regardless of what school you decide to attend, you should be facing the future with a sense of excitement, hope, and determination at the prospect of all-new possibilities that are waiting for you ahead. I hope that considering these things when making your decision helps you and wish you nothing but the best of luck on your journey, fellow transfer. Tony Class of 2019 I am a first-generation, non-traditional, transfer student studying Advertising in the College of Media. I grew up in Pleasant Hill, Illinois and spent nearly 10 years recording and touring all over North America as a professional musician.

Objective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 Essay - 1074 Words

Objective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 Objective 317.1.6-03-06 and 317.1.6-08-10 The manufacturing plant currently does not have a sound system of performance evaluation. The current system addresses the friendliness of the employee, the orderliness of the employee’s workspace, and the attitude of the employee towards others. The current performance evaluation does not address the needs of the employee by properly preparing the employee for the goals of the company. The employee has not been given or been informed of the standards of the company. Standards or goals, when issued upfront, enhance performance, motivate, and in turn serve as a basis to evaluate after a set period of time. Performance standards should be set for all†¦show more content†¦This type of evaluation avoids personal judgment and instead forces the evaluator to easily identify where performance exceeds expectations or where improvement may be required. The benchmark and expectations can be addressed up front to guide performance throughout the evaluation period. A commanding performance evaluation is obtained from several different resources. A proper evaluation is not issued only from management but also with input from peers and subordinates. It is also not uncommon to have customers; both internal and external contribute to the appraisal process. Self-appraisal is also an effective tool for appraisal as it can assist with establishing goals for the future. This type of 360 º degree appraisal process can provide a complete assessment of the employee’s strengths and weaknesses. Often times, this type of appraisal process can assist to identify area of concern that traditionally would not have been recorded. All evaluations should be recognized for their source. A self evaluation may be slightly biased and not overly critical where an appraisal from a peer could be affected by the employee’s willingness to properly cooperate with the process. The self evaluation has a tendency not to be objective in relation to the requiremen ts of the position. An affective self evaluation must be based on the requirements of the position and not based on the judgment of the individual performing the activity. Among the many commonly used

Legalizing Medical Marijuana Help Patients With Relief...

Legalizing Medical Marijuana can help patients with relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of muscle spasms and relieve from chronic pain. Helpful for treatment for the AIDS-- reduces the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite, Glaucoma -- reduces pressure relieving the pain and sometimes stopping damage to the eyes, Cancer -- excite appetite and relieving nausea and vomiting, and Epilepsy -- stops seizures. There are a huge volume of reports and studies which state that marijuana is highly effective in treating a number of illnesses, and it can make a highly achieved replacement for several types of medication, many of which having countless horrible side effects. â€Å"Many California doctors recommend the drug because they’ve seen salutary results with marijuana with marijuana not found with its legal pill form equivalent, Marinol.†( Minamide, Elaine. pg14) Legalizing marijuana can have so many positive and beneficial results not only for medical but for that government. If a plant can help a person with pain and help a patient with side effect of their illness why should it be illegal. I will also be providing stats of how crime rates have gone down and how schools have benefited from the tax on marijuana in other states. In a survey of fifty Canadians users of marijuana for medical purposes, the participants stated that the drug helped to ease a assortment of symptoms Number of participants who reported that their symptoms were eased by the use of marijuana ( someShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1013 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Legalizing Medical Marijuana can help patients with relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of muscle spasms and relieve from chronic pain. Helpful for treatment for the AIDS-- reduces the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite, Glaucoma -- reduces pressure relieving the pain and sometimes stopping damage to the eyes, Cancer -- excite appetite and relieving nausea and vomiting, and Epilepsy -- stops seizures. There are a huge volume of reports and studies which stateRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many people are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reasons. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’sRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pages Should the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes be legalized? Wouldn’t it be simple to provide a simple black or white answer to this question? Across the nation there is much debate on this very topic, one that I don’t believe can be solved so easily with a yes or no. There are so many activists that have strong opinions on this subject and go to the fullest extent to ensure they are heard. As simple straight forward as this question is it was hard for me to determine which side of the lineRead MoreMedical Marijana Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijana The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an extremely controversial subject. There are many supporters, as well as many that are in opposition to the use of marijuana in any situation. Parties on both sides of the issue are regularly bringing forth new information to endorse their case. Marijuana, made from an Indian hemp plant that bears the name cannabis sativa, is a mixture of stems, leaves, and flowering tops. The flowering tops are smoked for the tetrahydrocannabinolRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana1880 Words   |  8 PagesPros and Cons Of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a very common street and recreational drug that comes from the marijuana plant. The plant that produces marijuana, as is well known, is the hemp plant cannabis sativa. The pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana is tetra-hydro-cannabinol. Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood and relax. It is estimated that about thirty percent of adults in the U.S. use marijuana. Many people think marijuana is harmless. It is not.Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1463 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing marijuana is the most argumentative issue in United States. It has been discussed for many years. There are many debatable questions that need the final answers such as: Should Marijuana be legalize and taxed? Should medicinal marijuana in all states? Should the issue be addressed at the national or at the state level? Everything has its own pros and cons, so does legalizing marijuana. It can reduce the pain in medical purposes, prevent consumers from consum ing marijuana illegally, andRead MoreEssay about Medical Marijuana1568 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana Can Change the World To the AIDS or cancer patient, marijuana is the plant that fights nausea and appetite loss. To the nutritionist, its seed is second only to the soybean in nutritional value and is a source of cooking oil and vitamins. To the paper or cloth manufacturer, it is the plant that provided much of our paper and clothing for hundreds of years and produces four times more fiber per acre than trees. To the environmentalist, it is the plant that could greatly slow deforestationRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is a very controversial and obtrusive issue in our society today. Although politicians and people have made malicious remarks about it in the past, and even still in the present, the historical truth and beneficial facts of marijuana are finally resurfacing. Unfortunately, our society has become a very critical crowd towards the legalization of marijuana due to the stereotypical view of the kind of people who are considered â€Å"pot smokers.† This contorted perception ofRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2007, $42 billion was spent on the marijuana prohibition. That is more money than the war on drugs spent on all types of drugs three years before when $40 billion was spent all together. Why is our government focusing on a drug that can be called merely harmless to those who use it? Why is this drug getting more money spent on it than drugs that are highly addictive and life threatening? Marijuana is not as dangerous as people may want it to seem. Marijuana is a product of the Cannabis stavia

Merriem Webster Dictionary Defines Ethics As The Principles

Merriem Webster Dictionary defines ethics as the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group; a guiding philosophy (Ethic). Moral concepts governing a groups behavior cannot â€Å"be examined and understood apart from their history (MacIntyre, 1). Behavior that is seen as good and bad is depicted in ancient literature and poems. Iliad occurs during the Trojan War, circa 500 BC. Socrates (circa 470/469 – 399 BC) is known as one of the founders of modern philosophy; the Socratic Method is a tool used to foster understanding and resolution of moral and ethical concerns. The Dead Sea Scrolls which form much of the foundation of The Bible date as far back as 408 BC. The development of moral concepts and ethical behavior is a work in†¦show more content†¦The document parallels the thought process of the 1920s â€Å"that character was a significant factor in determining right action† (Epstein and Turner, 2015). The first official Code of Ethics for Nurse s in the United States was implemented in 1950 and detailed 17 provisions of anticipated performance amongst the nursing profession. The current code has been modified and adapted several times so as to keep up with the demands of society and now contains 9 general provisions along with subdivisions. The expectation that nurses collaborate with other professions and treat all individuals with reverence can be found speckled throughout the code. Provision 1 states â€Å"the nurse practice with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person.† Provision 1.5 elaborates on â€Å"Relationships with Colleagues and Others† by asserting â€Å"respect for persons extends to all individuals with whom the nurse interacts† (ANA, 2015). Provision 2.3 mandates that â€Å"the complexity of health care requires collaborative effort that has the strong support and active participation of all health professions [and] nurses should foster collaborative planning† (ANA, 2015). Provision 3.5 describes a chain of command for intervening and acting on the practices of others within the healthcare team that â€Å"place the rights or best interests of the patient in jeopardy† beginning with the individual responsible. Finally, Provision 8 reads, â€Å"The nurse collaborates with

Biography of Nelson Mandela The Legend of South Africa

Question: Discuss about the Biography of Nelson Mandela for The Legend of South Africa? Answer: Just like M.K. Gandhi is considered to be the Father of India, in a similar way Nelson Mandela is also known to be the founder of modern and independent nation of South Africa. It is very difficult to sum up his contributions in a single word and it requires detail study of his life and political careers. The history of South Africa remains incomplete without mentioning about this great personality. Early Life of Nelson Mandela The birth of Nelson Mandela takes place in the year of 1918 in Mvezo village of Transkei. He belongs to the family of Madiba clan where is father was a tribal leader. Owing to the influence of black community elders, Mandela since his childhood had made up his mind to contribute in the struggle for freedom of the black people. After the death of his father in the year of 1930, he shifted to Mqhekezweni Palace to work as a ward of Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Mandela attended the institute of Clarkebury Boarding and after completing the school education he joined the University College of Fort Hare (Telegraph 2013). Then after the completion of BA, he joined the University of Witwatersand to study law from where he became involved in active politics to fight for the equality and eradication of white supremacy from the country. Unfortunately being expelled from the University he was unable to finish the law degree. But later on he completed his law degree through his own dint and determinati on. Political Career of Nelson Mandela Before highlighting the political career of Nelson Mandela it is important to say a few words about the political and socio-economic conditions of the African nations including that of South Africa. Like other African nations, South Africa was also a colony of the white rulers who considered themselves highly civilized and educated than the black population. Owing to this superiority complex, black people were subjected to all forms of discrimination and were only treated as cheap laborers and were given quite low wages. They were entirely segregated from every sort of social life (History n.d.). They were forbidden to marry white people, they were deprived of admission in schools meant for the whites, and they had to travel on separate coaches and were even forbid to conduct or participate in the prayer of the white people. The country witnessed worst form of racial discrimination and suppression during the reign of British administrators like Alfred Milner, Louis Botha and subseque nt white rulers. They had framed various anti-black legislations to establish the policy of apartheid that involves segregation at every level of life. Nelson Mandela himself had witnessed the white supremacy during his college and university days (The African File 2007). His actual involvement in the politics began with the joining of the African National Congress in the year of 1944 where he became the leader of the youth wing of the party. Then subsequently he became the leader of the party to bring an end to the so called apartheid in the country. He adopted certain plans and programs to achieve his objective. As a mass leader he had organized various campaigns where he himself took an active part. These mainly include Defiance campaign in the year of 1952 and adoption of Programme of Action in the year of 1949. Due to his vocal criticism of the apartheid laws, the government imposed restriction on the political activities of Mandela that includes giving speeches, organizing protest rallies and so on. In the year of 1956 he was arrested along with other party activists on the charge of treason and was acquitted in the year of 1961. Though Mandela at some point of time had advocated armed resistance but mostly focused on following non-violent actio ns to end the policy of apartheid and to free his country from the clutches of white rule. His main objective was total abandonment of the regressive laws that stalled the progress of his fellow countrymen (SA History n.d.). Mandela through his works also advocated his policy to take on the white rulers of the country. Domestic impact of the anti-apartheid movement of Nelson Mandela The acquittal of Nelson Mandela had failed to bring out any solution to the problem of apartheid in the country. It was quite evident when Mandela was again arrested in the year of 1962 on the charge of leaving the nation illegally and encouraging workers to go for a strike. After his arrest he was sentenced to long term imprisonment and was confined to the jail of Robben Island in the year of 1963. No doubt that the movements initiated by Mandela had generated tremendous impact in the ordinary life of the common black people of South Africa. But at the same time, international community does also deserve credit in creating awareness about the problem of apartheid in the nation. It is because of this international pressure that the capital punishment of Mandela had been commuted to harsh prison imprisonment. However, the arrest of Nelson Mandela gave a new vigor and strength to the movement of the black African people (Borgen Project 2013). Despite his banishment from the active poli tical fields, Mandela continued to be the symbolic leader of the anti- apartheid movement. Oliver Tambo in the year of 1980 organized the campaign of Free Nelson Mandela which made the jailed person a well established name all over the world. Sensing the growing international pressure the government tried to enter with some sort of compromise with Mandela before setting him free. But Mandela rejected to compromise with his principles and policies. In the year of 1982 Mandela was being shifted to the Pollsmoor Prison and in the year of 1988 he was confined on house arrest. The situation dramatically transformed with the presidency of Klerk. It was during his tenure that the ban from African National Congress was formally revoked and there emerged the possibility of the permanent end of apartheid from South Africa. It was eventually became a reality with the release of release of nelson Mandela in the year of 1990 in the month of February (National Journal 2014). After coming out from his yearlong imprisonment, Mandela began the task of negotiations with the ruling political party and other political organizations to end the practice of apartheid with the setting up of multiracial government. The proposal was accepted wholeheartedly from every quarter of the country and for the first time the people of South Africa appeared to cast their votes in the year of 1994 in the first multi-party elections of the nation. People voted in large number in the favor of African National Congress and so it was emerged victorious in the election. On the month of May, 1994 Mandela became the first ever black president of South Africa. As the newly appointed president of the nation, Mandela constituted a special commission to investigate political and human rights violation that took place due to the clash between opponents and supporters of antiapartheid movement in the period between the years of 1960 to 1994. Then a number of economic and social programs were launched under his supervision for improving the conditions of the black people. In the year of 1996 he presided to bring out a new constitution for the country to bring racial equality and eradication of discriminations of all sorts. He was ultimately successful to bring improvement in the relation between white and black people of South Africa. International impact of anti-apartheid movement The struggle of Nelson Mandela had influenced the international community to agreat extent which ultimately leads to the permanent end of the policy of apartheid in South Africa. It becomes more evident in the confession of last white ruler of South Africa F.W. Klerk. In his own word he had confessed how his government came under tremendous pressure in the form of political and economic restrictions to come into terms with the African National Congress and other relevant stakeholders. The first instance of internal pressure involves boycott of the nation from every political platform of the world. All most every country of the world severed its tie with South Africa due to its continuous pursuance of the policy of apartheid. In the year of 1977 the Security Council of the UN imposed arms embargo. As a result of this South Africa failed to buy sophisticated arms and ammunitions as well as other destructive weapons. It is considered to be the most effective tool that forced the country to review its anti-black policies and laws. Without the imposition of arms embargo it would have been of little help to force the White government of South Africa to eliminate the practice of apartheid (ABC 2013). Another factor that mounted pressure on South Africa involves fleeing of investors from the country due to instable political environment in the nation. Not only domestic even many international firms were also reluctant to set up business in this African country due to growing turmoil. Along with that it was also stopped from receiving funds from foreign countries and both these factors ultimately made the government to realize the fund crunch and made it defaulter in the international community. In the year of 1985 the European Community imposed a limited sort of trade restrictions but it was not enough to pressurize the South African Government (Nelson Mandela n.d.). So in the next year the Community passed a rigid trade restriction and US also introduced a tough sanction in the shape of an anti-apartheid act which hit the economy of the nation quite badly. Faced with both economic and political sanctions the government ultimately agreed to talk about the independence of the Afric an nation with its leading black political leaders. The anti-apartheid movement of Nelson Mandela had also influenced people like Martin Luther King Jr to unleash a fresh movement in a peaceful manner to obtain the legitimate rights of the black people in USA. Coupled with this the adoption of international convention to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination also put the prestige of the white government of South Africa at a great stake (Biography Online n.d.). The impact of Mandelas movement also felt even in educational institutions of the world where statutes of Mandela were erected as a mark of protest against the injustice and suppression of the rights of black people. Every student was considered to be incomplete without highlighting the hardships and struggle of Nelson Mandela. The movement of Mandela had got more limelight in the year of 1984 and the credit mainly goes to Jerry Dammers for writing the song of Free Nelson Mandela. The song occupied the spot of no 9 in the popular song chart of UK. When fresh violence agai n erupted in the African country then in the year of 1986 the Barclays Bank was forced to sell its subsidiaries for the South Africa. All these incidents have truly played a big role in influencing the white government to permanently end the principle of apartheid in the country (The Guardian 2013). Conclusion After making significant contribution to the economic and social progress of South Africa, Mandela retired in the year of 1999 from active politics. But he continued his philanthropic activities and has received many awards and including Nobel Prize for his untiring efforts to lift the curtain of darkness from the life of black people. He always wanted to make South Africa a multi racial nation and never to deny the white peoples from their legitimate rights. He had established a foundation in his own name in the year of 1999 and through this organization he tried to advocate the concept of peace, reconciliation and social justice. He also belongs to the group of foundling leaders for establish the organization of The Elders in the year of 2007 to promote resolution of conflict and to offer solutions to various international issues (WSJ 2013). His death in the year of 2013 has created vacuum in the social and political life of South Africa to a great extent. It is expected that the p resent South African regime will continue the works started by Mandela himself to fulfill his desire. References Telegraph 2013, Nelson Mandela: life and times of South Africa's anti-apartheid hero, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10140472/Nelson-Mandela-life-and-times-of-South-Africas-anti-apartheid-hero.html History, Nelson Mandela, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.history.com/topics/nelson-mandela The African File 2007, Impact of Economic and Political Sanctions on Apartheid, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://theafricanfile.com/politicshistory/impact-of-economic-and-political-sanctions-on-apartheid/ SA History, The Pre-Mandela Period: Colonial History of South Africa (1652-1917), viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/pre-mandela-period-colonial-history-south-africa-1652-1917 Borgen Project 2013, Nelson Mandelas Early Life, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://borgenproject.org/nelson-mandelas-early-life/ Britannica, Nelson Mandela President of South Africa, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nelson-Mandela Biography Online, Biography Nelson Mandela, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/nelson-mandela.html Nelson Mandela, Biography of Nelson Mandela, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography The Guardian 2013, Nelson Mandela Anti-Apartheid Movement, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-anti-apartheid-movement National Journal 2014, The Life of Nelson Mandela, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/2014/07/18/life-nelson-mandela WSJ 2013, Nelson Mandela, South African Leader and Apartheid Foe, Dies at 95, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303997604579240503370719642 ABC 2013, Nelson Mandela: 12 letters from the desk of a freedom fighter, viewed on 29th January 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-06/nelson-mandela-letters/2900788

The Two Escobars free essay sample

The film The Two Escobar’s, directed by Jeff and Michael Zimbalist, is a documentary about â€Å"narco-soccer†, which was a time period in Columbia when it was prevalent for drug kingpins to use soccer clubs to launder their money. One of the most infamous kingpins was Pablo Escobar. Pablo was typically known as a murderer in Columbia, but did have one passion in life, and that was soccer. The other Escobar, Andres, who had no blood relation to Pablo, was the star defensive player for Columbia’s soccer team.One thing these two had in common, besides their last name, was that the people in Columbia disliked them because of difficult circumstances they were put in. The people in Columbia viewed soccer as a way to unite their country. Although soccer wasn’t popular in the nation yet, Andres and his teammates were determined to become the best of the best. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Escobars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since everyone was generally poor, the team did not have enough money to hire an international trainer, so, the chances of them becoming a renowned soccer team were extremely slim. However, when the drug kingpins used soccer clubs to launder their money, and the cocaine trade changed everything.Since Pablo was becoming increasingly rich from the drug trade in the soccer clubs, he built soccer fields around different neighborhoods, and that is how the players on the Columbia soccer team really learned how to play, and would practice on them. Even when running from authorities, Pablo would have his radio on hand to listen to the game. Everything was looking up for the two Escobar’s, and the Columbian soccer team even made it to the World Cup! Things really started taking a turn for the worst when the drug trafficking got so horrific in Columbia; the government even passed a law that abolished extradition.Pablo then surrendered, and was sent to prison. While in prison, he had soccer fields built for him, and had the Columbian soccer team often play there. Pablo thought it had so much power; he had killed a couple of people in prison, and that’s when everything went downhill for him. The Cali Cartel formed PEPE’s, People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar, and they wanted Pablo dead. PEPE’s offered Pablo an ultimatum: turn yourself by midnight on December 31st, and if not, staring January 1st, they will start killing his family member. Then, on December 2, 1993, Pablo Escobar was murdered.Even though Columbia did not know what to do after their â€Å"boss† had died, the soccer team was heading toward the World Cup. While playing an intense game against the United States, a devastating occurrence happened; Andres Escobar accidently scored on his own goal, causing Columbia to lose, and were kicked out of the World Cup. Even if Andres teammates did not blame him for that accidental goal, some people in Columbia were upset because the bet big money that the Columbian’s were going to win it all. On July 2, 1994, Andres Escobar was surrounded, shot and killed while trying to defend his actions towards that overwhelming World Cup loss.Many believe if Pablo Escobar were alive, then Andres would not have been shot and klled. Columbia had gone through a great loss and horrible tragedies. Most thought soccer would bring the nation together, but all it did was rip the nation apart. The death of the two Escobar’s marked the end of the wonder years of Columbian soccer. The Two Escobar’s was an amazing documentary about how everything and everyone’s lives essentially revolves around soccer, and how it strongly impacted when the Columbians lost the World Cup. I’ve just always looked at soccer as just a sport.However, in Columbia, it was a lifestyle. Soccer there was a way to escape your problems you were having whether it was at home or with your family. I do think Pablo and Andres both have amazing stories. Although both dead, their deaths strongly impacted Columbia and peoples lives in a huge way. Pablo was not only one of the biggest drug kingpins, but surprisingly to some people, he also had a heart and reached out to others. Not only did he build soccer fields in different neighborhoods, but he also built people homes. He was a god to some people, and I can kind of see why. He was basically a bittersweet individual. Watching the footage of his funeral was baffling. I was in awe when the people who attended his funeral opened up his casket and touch his dead body. Also, the amount of people there had to be in the thousands. It was an unbelievable sight to see, and I have literally never seen anything or anyone act like that after a death. Andres death was the most tragic. Someone being shot because of an accidental goal, that his teammates didn’t even take seriously.This just shows how much soccer is important to this country. His life really shows me how things could be perfect at one moment, but then can change at the snap of the fingers. His death was a real tragedy, and I do not think such a thing should have happened to him. My heart goes out to his poor family. They thought everything was looking up for him, and he could have potentially played for the soccer team in Milan, Italy, but all those dreams were crushed. If Andres was still alive today, I bet he would be huge in the soccer world and one of the best players out there. I wouldn’t necessarily say this documentary changed my life, but it changed my outlook on life. Columbia seemed like a united nation due to the rise of soccer, but it was the crushed. It really makes me think that those actions could happen to anyone or anywhere; it is just a matter of how things play out. You cannot also blame people for simple mistakes. It’s a fact that people do make mistakes! This film has also taught me not to turn down documentaries because they seem boring to you, and because they have subtitles, because I actually want to watch this movie again, it was that astounding to me.

Setting a Multi-Line Caption for a TLabel in Delphi

Setting a Multi-Line Caption for a TLabel in Delphi A TLabel Delphi component has a WordWrap property you can set to true in order for the text in the Caption property appear wrapped (multi-lined) when it is too long for the width of the label. Whats more, at run-time, you can use the next assignment to specify multiple lines of text for a Label: Label1.Caption : First line #13#10 SecondLine; However, you *cannot* specify multi-line text for a TLabel at design-time, using Object Inspector. Instructions One trick to add more lines of text for a Caption property of a TLabel, at design time, is to edit the Forms .DFM file directly. Heres how: Drop a TLabel on a FormRight click the Form to activate the popup menuSelect View As TextLocate the object Label1:TLabel sectionChange the line Caption Label1 to:Caption Label1 #13#10 Second lineRight click the code to activate the popup, againSelect View As FormJob done! TLabel with multiple lines of text, at design-time!

Properties of Acetysalicylic Acid Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Properties of Acetysalicylic Acid - Lab Report Example But when both the blue and red –OH groups are replaced, the result is heroin. Morphine is considered as the gold standard of analgesics since it is effective in relieving pain. However, the excessive amount of morphine can depress the respiratory system. Morphine works by blocking receptor sites that signal pain to the brain. The key to morphine’s efficacy is its shape which fits into the cells. Moreover, morphine acts like natural painkillers such as endorphins. - as weak acids, alcohols and phenols dissociate to a slight extent in dilute aqueous solution y donating a proton to water, generating H3O + and alkoxide ion ( RO -) or a phenoxide ion ( A+0 - ) Warfarin is an anticoagulant, meaning, it acts as blood thinner like aspirin. However, warfarin is more potent and can even cause severe hemorrhaging. This is due to the fact that warfarin can decrease coagulation through inhibition of Vitamin K. It is synthetically derived from coumarin, which is extracted from plants such as licorice, lavender, and Woodruff. Warfarin is commonly used in rat pesticide. Once a cat ingests a mouse that ate warfarin-laced pesticide, the cat’s liver would fail and internal bleeding occurs immediately. However, warfarin has also therapeutic purposes especially in the prevention of thrombosis as well as an embolism. To measure: the pH of the aqueous phases is adjusted such that the predominant form of the compound is unionized. The logarithm of the ratio of the concentration of the un-ionized solute is the solvent called log P. The shake flask or tube method is the most classical method known by the chemist. The process is simple: the solute in question is slowly dissolved in a certain volume of octanol and H2O.  

Process essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Process - Essay Example of learning this process is to avoid keeping the baby uncomfortable without full bath that relaxes them, saving money on professional services and the most important is that bathing time offers perfect bonding time between a parent (either the mother or father) and the infant. The first step is to decide where the baby will take a bath. The choices in this case are the kitchen sink, the regular wash tub or have a special washing tub for the infant which is the ideal size. The secret in this step is to ensure the parent is in a comfortable position so that he or she can be able to grip the baby steadily as well as wash them without losing that grip. This should be followed by regulating the temperature of the room and of the bathing water. After deciding which room is idle to wash the baby in, regulation of the room temperature is required so that the baby dos not chill during the bath. This is closely followed by regulation of the water to a temperature that is not too hot or too cold. If one has a thermometer, the ideal temperature should be between 90 and 100 Fahrenheit. If not testing the water with the wrist which is sensitive will guide the parent on the ideal temperature. The next step is to prepare the baby’s clothing such as the towel, the clothes, diaper, wash cloth, lotion and bathing soap. There is also the alternative of baby shampoo though care should be made to ensure that is tear-free. This should be followed by undressing of the baby and then dipping it in the water feet first. A firm grip of the baby with one hand under the neck is needed in order to support the baby as well as prevent it from wobbling its head which is still not firm at this stage of development. Use the soap and wash cloth to wash starting from the head moving downwards and ending with the diaper area. Any skin folds should be thoroughly cleaned. Having completed the bathing, towel and dry it and apply lotion (this is optional) and dress the baby. Hand the baby over to

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics Instrumentation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics Instrumentation TITLE : MRI IMAGE ARTIFACTS MOHAMAD AL-HAFIZ BIN IBRAHIM Name of Student: Mohamad Al-Hafiz bin Ibrahim TABLE OF CONTENTS (Jump to) LIST OF FIGURES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 MRI ARTIFACTS 2.1 RF leakage 2.2 Aliasing 2.3 Patient motion 2.4 Gibbs Truncation 2.5 Chemical Shift 2.6 Magnetic Susceptibility 2.7 Flow Motion 3.0 CONCLUSION 4.0 REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Zipper Artifact may appear as horizontal line across the image Figure 2: The part of the body that outside the FOV is mismapped within the FOV. Figure 3:The appearances of ghost lines at the anterior to the abdominal wall Figure 4: Image shown the effect of head movement or motion during MR scanning Figure 5: Bright and dark lines are visible in image Figure 6: Arrow show dark line at the interface of fat and water . Figure 7: MR image shown massive distortion of magnetic field . Figure 8: (a) CSF pulsation-related artifact in the phase encoding direction in T2-weighted image while (b) show reduction of flow artefact 1.0 INTRODUCTION Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the medical imaging and diagnosis technique which widely used due to its capability to produce high resolution of cross- sectional anatomical images and high tissues contrast. Eventhough MRI has various advantageous features, but still there are numerous sources of artifacts either patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine) related (Erasmus, Hurter, Naudà ©, Kritzinger, Acho, 2004). Definitely, artifacts can degrade the image quality and may mimicking pathology or obscure the abnormalities which can lead to misdiagnosis of MRI images. The MRI artifact can be defined as a structure or feature appearing in MRI image produced by artificial means which is not originate within the scanned object (Erasmus et al., 2004). Commonly, MRI artifacts can be caused by RF leakage, aliasing, patient motion, Gibbs, truncation, chemical shift, magnetic susceptibility and flow motion. 2.0 MRI ARTIFACTS 2.1 RF leakage Cause This artifact also known as Zipper artifact. It occurs when there are leakage of RF or electromagnetic energy generated from certain equipment into MRI system (Stadler, Schima, Ba-Ssalamah, Kettenbach, Eisenhuber, 2007). This extrinsic RF came at a certain frequency then interferes with MRI signal produced by patient. The potential sources of the extrinsic RF are due to penetration of the RF into the shielded scanning room especially when the door is open during images acquisition (Ruan, 2013). After that, the RF will be picked up by the receiver chain of the image sub system (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). This RF perhaps generated by radio, illumination or electronic device such as monitoring equipment in the surrounding (Stadler et al., 2007). Remedy In order to overcome this artifact, the operator should identified and eliminate the possible source of the penetration. It can be done by ensure the door of the MR room remain closed during scanning, use only MR compatible MR monitor equipment, and remove the external RF source from the surrounding (Ruan, 2013). Figure 1: Zipper Artifact may appear as horizontal line across the image (Allen, n.d.). 2.2 Aliasing Cause Aliasing or wrap around artifacts can be describe as an artifacts that caused by anatomy that lies outside of field of view (FOV) mismapped within the FOV (Westbrook, Roth, Talbot, 2011). This is because of improper selection of parameter in MR systems especially FOV. The FOV in MRI means the anatomical area that should be covered or imaged during scanning (Morelli et al., 2011). When the selected FOV is smaller than the size of area that should be imaged means the data are under-sampled (Ruan, 2013). Therefore, there are high chances for signals from the outside FOV falsely detect then create an interference with signal within FOV and encode on the reconstructed images thus ‘wrap around’ to the opposite side of image which become aliasing artifacts (Erasmus et al., 2004). Westbrook et al., (2011) state that aliasing artefact can happen along frequency encoding axis (frequency wrap) and phase encoding axis (phase wrap). Remedy Basically, this aliasing artifacts can be eliminated through increase the sampling rate or oversampling along the frequency direction (Westbrook et al., 2011). However, high pass and low pass filter should be used as well in order to filter out frequency outside the FOV which can increase noise in image (Hiroshi, Schlechtweg, Kose, 2009). Besides that, selection of receiver coil which unable to excite or detect the signals from anatomical tissues that lying outside the FOV also important to minimise the artifacts (Ruan, 2013). Lastly, No Phase Wrap (NPW), Phase oversampling or Fold Over supression techniques is also preferred to avoid aliasing artefact by oversamples in phase direction, thus, the phase curve get to extends and cover wider signal producing structures (Westbrook et al., 2011). Figure 2: The part of the body that outside the FOV is mismapped within the FOV and located at the opposite side of the image (Prashant, 2014). 2.3 Patient motion Cause Patient motion artifact is a very most common artefact in MRI. It is caused by movement of anatomical structure during imaging sequence (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). There is a broad range of examples of structure movement such as heart or arterial pulsations, respiration process, peristalsis, tremor (Parkinson’s disease) and gross movement of patient (Stadler et al., 2007). Hence, if there is a scanned anatomical part moved during the scanning, the phase gradient cannot predict and encode the signal, thus, that structures will be misplaced in phased encoding direction. As a result, it will causes MR images shown the appearances of mismapping, blurring and ghosting artefact within it (Westbrook et al., 2011). Remedy There are several ways to eliminate or avoid the patient motion artifacts. The remedies are nullifies signal by applying pre-saturation pulses over the area which have potential to produce artifacts (Stadler et al., 2007). This way is more effective to prevent ghosting during patient swallowing. Besides that, Westbrook et al (2011) proposed that attaching a set of bellows over patient’s chest in respiratory compensation which is also known as respiratory ordered phase encoding (ROPE) might help to minimize ghosting in longer sequences while in short sequences, cooperation from patient to hold their breath during scanning is preferred. Next,cardiac gating also plays role in reducing this kind of artefact. For example, electrocardiogram (ECG) gating used to monitors cardiac motion that trigger the excitation pulse. Hence, each excitation pulse in each slice can be timed and acquired at the same phase of cardiac cycle (Westbrook et al., 2011). In the other hand, asking for patient cooperation for keeping still, clear explanation about procedures, and optimize the patient’s comfortability are important to make them immobilize during scanning (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Figure 3:The appearances of ghost lines at the anterior to the abdominal wall indicate as motion artifact because of breathing (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 4: Image shown the effect of head movement or motion during MR scanning (Hornak, n.d.) 2.4 Gibbs Truncation Cause Truncation artefact also can be called as Gibbs Ringing artefact (Czervionke, Czervionke, Daniels, Hauhgton, 1988). Its happen as result of It is causes by abrupt undersampling of data that results in incorrect representation of high and low signals interfaces (Westbrook et al., 2011). That problems lead to visibility of fine lines in MR image and also respectively caused by incomplete digitization of the echo (Ruan, 2013). However, according to Erasmus et al.,(2004), alternating dark and bright lines may visible in image due to a sharp transition in signal intensity. Remedy In order to correct this type of artefact, there are several ways that can be used. For example, increase the matrix size, 256 x 256 instead of 256 x 128 (Westbrook et al., 2011). Next, applying various filters to k-space data before Fourier transform also should be considered (Erasmus et al., 2004). Besides that, provide more phase encoding steps also preferred to make truncation or gibbs artifacts less intense and narrower (www.mr-tip.com, n.d.). Figure 5: Bright and dark lines are visible in image parallel and adjacent to the outer convexity of calvaria (Prashant, 2014). 2.5 Chemical Shift Cause This type of artifact commonly found in MRI image of abdominal and spine imaging. Since fat and water each consist of hydrogen protons but different combination of molecules, fat contain hydrogen binds with carbon,while in water, hydrogen combine with oxygen (Westbrook et al., 2011). Hence, that different chemical environment exist shown that there are different precession frequency between fat and water which fat has lower precessional frequency rather than water (Erasmus et al., 2004). Based on the Larmor equation, precessional frequency is proportional to the strength of magnetic field (Westbrook et al., 2011). Therefore, this chemical shift can become artifact due to that difference of the precessional frequency between fat and water at higher field of magnetic strengths during the frequency encoding or slice-select directions (Ruan, 2013). That frequency is basically used to encode their spatial positions, thus, any chemical shift can lead to spatial misregistration of the MR si gnal (Morelli et al., 2011). MR images will show the bright or dark outlines at fat-water interfaces as the artefact. Remedy To avoid this artefact , a few remedies should be considered such as perform scanning at low magnetic field strength, increase the receive bandwidth in keeping with good signal-noise-ratio (SNR) (Westbrook et al., 2011) . It is also suggested to use minimum FOV as possible. Lastly, swapping phase and encoding direction also may useful to reduce this artefact (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Figure 6: Arrow show dark line at the interface of fat and water indicate as chemical shift artefact (Javan, Rear, Machin, 2011). 2.6 Magnetic Susceptibility Cause Susceptibilty can be refer as characteristic of substance which be magnetized when exposed to magnetic field (Gary, n.d.). MRI physics explain magnetic susceptibility artifacts normally happens because of substance or material especially ferromagnetic materials and also at air-tissues interface which have different degree of magnetic susceptibility that can distort the external magnetic field when placed in large magnetic field. Besides that, the differences also lead to magnetic field inhomogeneity at the scanner region resulting in spins dephase faster and frequency shift between surrounding tissues (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Artifacts in the image will appear as bright and dark areas with spatial distortion of anatomical structures (Stadler et al., 2007). Remedy Generally, these artifacts can be reduced by ensure all metal objects that attached to the patient has been removed before the scan. Next, spin echo sequences are more preferred to be used instead of gradient echo because it use 180 ° RF rephasing pulse which ideal at compensating for phase differentiation between fat and water (Westbrook et al., 2011). Since fast spin echo techniques also contribute in reduction of this type of artefact, hence, short TE is used along with spin echo (Stadler et al., 2007). Metal Artefact Reduction Sequence (MARS) technique can be used in order to minimize the size and intensity of this artifact which developed by magnetic field distortion by introducing an additional gradient following the slice gradient during frequency encoding gradient is used (Olsen, Munk, Lee, 2000). Figure 7: MR image shown massive distortion of magnetic field due to implanted dental retention system (Schubert, 2012). 2.7 Flow Motion Cause Flow artefact can be categorized as one kind of motion artefact which mainly caused by natural motion of liquids such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the body. For example, hydrogen nuclei in blood flow within the scanned slice may trigger excitation from an incoming RF pulse, however, the signal perhaps cannot be readout due to possibility of that flowing blood have left the slice (Hiroshi et al., 2009). As a result, vessels image appear empty or low signal intensity (less bright). Generally, there are reasons of low signal intensity such as intravascular signal void by time of flight effects, first echo dephasing and fast flow (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Nevertheless, this artifacts also can appear bright or high signal intensity. This is because of the slow blood flow (flow related enhancement), even echo rephrasing and diastolic pseudogating (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Remedy The preferred solutions as remedies for flow motion artifacts are by reduction of phase shifts using flow compensation in order to produce gradient moment nulling, suppress the blood signal by apply saturation pulses parallel to slices and synchronization of imaging sequences with cardiac cycle using cardiac triggering (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 8: (a) CSF pulsation-related artifact in the phase encoding direction in T2-weighted image while (b) show reduction of flow artefact with gradient moment nulling (Morelli et al., 2011). 3.0 CONCLUSION It is important for all operators, radiologist and engineers in MRI are able to recognize common MRI artifacts because there are a broad of range of cause that contributing to artefact. Eventhough, artifacts are unable to be totally eliminated but it can be minimized or avoided with specifics remedies in order to improve the MR image quality (Morelli et al., 2011). Therefore, basic knowledge of MRI artifacts should be learned and all MRI system operators should familiar with their MRI unit in department. 4.0 REFERENCES Allen, E. D. (n.d.). Zipper and Related Artifacts. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://mri-q.com/zipper-artifact.html Czervionke, L. F., Czervionke, J. M., Daniels, D. L., Hauhgton, V. M. (1988). Characteristic features of MR truncation artifacts. American Journal of Roentgenology, 151, 1219–1228. http://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.151.6.1219 Erasmus, L. J., Hurter, D., Naudà ©, M., Kritzinger, H. G., Acho, S. (2004). REVIEW ARTICLE: A Short Overview of MRI Artefacts. SA Journal of Radiology, 8(August), 13–17. http://doi.org/10.1021/jp1019944 Gary, P. L. (n.d.). What is MRIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯? Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ). Hiroshi, Y., Schlechtweg, P., Kose, K. (2009). Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Imaging of Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease:Expert Consult Online and Print, p34–48. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549854.007 Hornak, J. P. (n.d.). The Basics of MRI: Image Artifacts. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/chap-11/chap-11.htm Javan, R., Rear, J. R. O., Machin, J. E. (2011). Fundamentals Behind the 10 Most Common Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts with Correction Strategies and. European Society of Radiology, 1–78. http://doi.org/10.1594/ecr2011/C-1248 Morelli, J. N., Runge, V. M., Ai, F., Attenberger, U., Vu, L., Schmeets, S. H., †¦ Kirsch, J. E. (2011). An image-based approach to understanding the physics of MR artifacts. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 31, 849–866. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.313105115 Olsen, R. V, Munk, P. L., Lee, M. J. (2000). Metal Artifact Reduction Sequence: Early Clinical Applications. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 20, 699–712. Prashant, M. (2014). Aliasing artifacts. Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://radiopaedia.org/cases/aliasing-artifacts Ruan, C. (2013). MRI Artifactsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Mechanism and Control. Personal Conclusion, 1–9. Schubert, R. (2012). Magnetic susceptibility artifact. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://radiopaedia.org/cases/magnetic-susceptibility-artifact Stadler, A., Schima, W., Ba-Ssalamah, A., Kettenbach, J., Eisenhuber, E. (2007). Artifacts in body MR imaging: Their appearance and how to eliminate them. European Radiology, 17, 1242–1255. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0470-4 Westbrook, C., Roth, C. K., Talbot, J. (2011). MRI In Practice (4th Editio, pp. 225–260). United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. www.mr-tip.com. (n.d.). MRI Artifacts. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=artsub=Gibbs Artifact Zhuo, J., Gullapalli, R. P. (2006). AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: MR artifacts, safety, and quality control. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 26, 275–297. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.261055134

Hiroshima, The World Is No Lon :: essays research papers

Ideas of creating this first nuclear fusion reaction had been around for quite some time. Wanting to explore new levels of advancement in science technology were scientist all around the world, working to create, what was termed â€Å"Nuclear Fusion†. There had been a few attempts at making, if possible, the impossible dream come alive. The idea of splitting an atom, which contains neutrons, electrons, and protons, had been floating around in the scientists’ minds for as long as the realized existence of an atom had been there. When this great and unimaginable feat was overcome, the world shuddered and wept at its magnificence and it power. On August 2,1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to the President of the United States of America warning him of the advancements that him and his fellow scientists were coming upon. In his letter he described the possibilities of what they were about to create. He described all of his thoughts to the president, about what great things their dream could be used for, and what horrible things it could bring in its development. The first three physicists to create a nuclear chain reaction were Enrico Fermi, Italian-American; Leo Szilard, Hungarian; and Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot-Curie, French. Enrico Fermi was born in Rome on September 21, 1901. He contributed in the creation of the first controlled nuclear reaction. For his efforts he was awarded the 1938 Peace Prize. Being a skilled and intelligent man in his field of nuclear science, he was one of the many scientists selected to work on Loa Alamos, New Mexico on the American project to construct the first atomic bomb. Leo Szilard, born February 11, 1898 in Budapest. He encouraged and aided Albert Einstein to write the letter to FDR about the potential military use of atomic energy. Szilard also contributed to the creation of the first controlled nuclear reaction in 1939. Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot-Curie, born in Paris France, March 19, 1900. He ended up sharing the 1935 Peace prize with Irene Joliot-Curie, his wife. They were given this prestigious award for their work in the field of chemistry. During World War 2, Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot-Curie became part of the Communist party. In 1951 he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize for his work in the field of chemistry. He Later died in 1958, only a few years later. There had been a secret rush in America to create a nuclear bomb.

Designation of Phylum Cryptomycota Within Kingdom Fungi

Designation of phylum cryptomycota within kingdom fungi Introduction The cryptomycota are considered to be to be an early branching clade of organisms, the only known members are species that belong in the genus Rozella (Lara et al 2010, Jones et al 2011, James and Berbee 2012). It has been suggested due largely to the amount of environmental sequences collected the phylum may be as diverse as the whole kingdom fungi (Jones et al 2011).While Rozella were originally placed in the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota(Jones and Pang 2012), a multi-gene molecular phylogeny of the Chytridiomycota found Rozella was in fact part of a separate linage considered to be the most basal lineage within the fungal kingdom (James et al 2006). Analysis of environmental DNA samples based on the analysis of SSU RNA (small subunit ribosomal RNA genes)had revealed 26 sequences, previously unknown, which clustered closely to two species of Rozella included in the survey (Lara et al 2010).Lara et al tentatively n amed this clade ‘Rozedilla' (Lara et al 2010, Jones et al 2011). However this clade was expanded to include 40 sequences found in marine and freshwater environments. This clade was renamed cryptomycota to reflect the position of the group relative to the fungi and its mostly hidden nature, as a large number of the phylum are only known from SSU RNA environmental surveys and their similarity in morphology and life-cycle to the Rozella is unknown (Jones et al 2011).Cryptomycota cells from freshwater samples, most notably from the Washington Singer pond (Exeter University, Devon, UK, 50. 7339uN, 3. 5375uW), were visualised with fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. These target cells were shown to be small eukaryotes 3 to 5 ? meters in length (Jones et al 2011). Counter-staining with TAT1 tubulin revealed The target cells capable of forming a microtubule based flagellum (see fig 1)(Jones et al 2011). Chitin was not found in any of the morphs observed, this was tested by co-staining with cell wall markers (calcofluor white and lectin wheat germ agglutinin).Cellulose was also not present (Jones et al 2011). FIG 1: Micrographs showing flagella on cryptomycota cells, as detected by TAT1 tubulin antibody(Jones et al 2011) This study led Jones et al to the conclusion that the Cryptomycota were an intermediate group between fungus and protists. Others such as James and Berbee contend that †they may have lost their â€Å"dinner jacket† through convergence. Rather than evolutionary intermediates, the cryptomycota may be strange, divergent fungi † (James and Berbee 2012).The term †dinner jackets† here refers to cell walls. Some such as Griffith, Voight and Kirk would not consider the phylum fungal, but a non fungal opisthkonta like the Microsporidia(2011). In this essay I intended to explore the evidence both for and against the inclusion of the phylum Cryptomycota in the kingdom fungi. To do this it is important to understand the characteristics and life-cycle of Cryptomycota and what makes an organism part of the kingdom fungi. Characteristics of CryptomycotaThe known Cryptomycota :Rozella is a genus of entirely parasitic species that infect the thalli and sporidia of Chytridiomycota , Blastocladiomycota and some species of Oomycota. Study of Rozella allomycis , the only cultured Rozella species has shown it does ,unlike Fungi, not process cell walls at any time during there trophic phases like Fungi however they exhibit a zoosporic uniflagilate stage in which they propagate(Jones and Pang 2012) . James and Berbee demonstrated that chitin is present in the inner cell wall of immature spores via calcofluor white staining(2012).Zoospores attach to receptors on the surface of its host ,penetrating its surface with a germ tube before developing a naked multinucleate sporangium (Jones and Pang 2012)It is theorised that the uptake of nutrients is via phagocytosis (Powell 1984), however this is not known to be true of all Rozella. Zoospores form inside the host before being explosive discharged from exit papillae(Jones and Pang 2012) . Jones et al's observation of Cryptomycota cells show a certain similarity to the life-cycle of Rozella.Three life stage cycles were observed (fig 2), a zoosporic uniflagelate morph ,a non-flagellate cyst morph and a parasitic morph where the organism is attached to a host diatom . Jones et al admit, however, that stages in the life-cycle are likely to have been missed in their study and due to the diversity of the Cryptomycota, the life-cycle is unlikely to represent the entirety of the group (2011). Chitin was not found in any of the stages observed (Jones et al 2011) FIG 2:Putative Cryptomycota skeleton life-cycle (Jones et al 2011)Are Cryptomycota fungi? The penguin dictionary of biology defines Fungi as a kingdom of eukaryotic primarilary acellular organisms typically organised into cylindrical hypha . Their nutrition is osmotrophic and never phagotrop hic . Hyphal walls are characterised by chitin and ? -glucans (2004). Cryptomycota differs greatly from this standard definition of a fungi by not processing a cell wall ,forming hyphae and is likely to be phagotrophic. There are other organisms that are included in the kingdom fungi that do not fit with these definitions .For example yeasts reproduce by budding and are not organised into hypha. Zoospores are a shared characteristic with zoosporic true fungi and in most phylogenies constructed Cryptomycota are basal to fungi. Information on the life cycle stages is incomplete , it is possible some examples of cryptomycota process a chitinous cell wall at some stage in their life-cycles (Jones et al 2011). As a lot is uncertain about the cryptomycota it is hard to include or exclude them from the kingdom fungi and it seems premature to dub them the most basal fungi .As James and Berbee suggest the loss of a chitinous cell wall may be a secondary adaptation to parasitism not indicatio n of a basal fungi (2012). Almost anything could be found and much needs to be before they can be defined as true fungi such as observation of cell division and determination whether members of cryptomycota are phagotrophic or not. What is certain that if this phylum is included in the kingdom fungi , the definition for the whole group must change.

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1143 Words

The protagonist, who is named Tim O’Brien, begins by describing an event that occurred in the middle of his Vietnam experience. â€Å"The Things They Carried† catalogs the variety of things his fellow soldiers in the Alpha Company brought on their missions. Several of these things are intangible, including guilt and fear, while others are specific physical objects, including matches, morphine, M-16 rifles, and MM’s candy. Tim O’Brien, the narrator and protagonist of the collection of stories. O’Brien is a pacifist who rationalizes his participation in Vietnam by concluding that his feelings of obligation toward his family and country are stronger influences than his own politics. When the war is over, he uses his ability to tell stories to deal with his guilt and confusion over the atrocities he witnessed in Vietnam, including the death of several of his fellow soldiers and of a Viet Cong soldier by his own hand. Throughout the collection, the same characters reappear in various stories. The first member of the Alpha Company to die is Ted Lavender, a â€Å"grunt,† or low-ranking soldier, who deals with his anxiety about the war by taking tranquilizers and smoking marijuana.Whenever he looked at the photographs, he thought of new things he should have done. (Chapter 1, pg. 5) Lavender is shot in the head on his way back from going to the bathroom, and his superior, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, blames himself for the tragedy. When Lavender is shot, Cross is distracting himself withShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Ve terans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –